Thesis Statement Essay

Studies have shown that an increasing trend of domestic violence is being perpetrated in heterosexual households. Many of these cases involve the male abusing the female, and the female actively attempting to maintain an outward appearance of normalcy despite the silent suffering. This outward image is nothing but a cover to maintain an illusion to the world that everything is good in the relationship, and also in many cases for fear of further abuse for drawing attention to the issue. As a result a closed loop of suffering, pain, and violence is created. Annotated Bibliography What is Domestic Violence? (August, 2014) The United States Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence The U.S. Department of Justice profiles the various ways in which domestic violence can be perpetrated by the aggressor. The manners in which the aggressor may enact the abuse are; psychological, economic, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. From this study the USDOJ is able to show how domestic violence is inflicted on females and the methods males use to gain control. The studies also show that abuse crosses all age and socioeconomic group boundaries. This study is credible as it comes from the U.S. Department of Justice. The USDOJ enforces laws and defends the interests and wellbeing of the American people. The USDOJ is continually researching various crimes, one of which being domestic abuse. This continual research gives women everywhere a continually growing source of knowledge to aid in prevention and protection. This study provides details into the domination of females by their male partners in emotional, financial, and physical realms. Effects of domestic violence (2013). Stop Violence Against Women. Retrieved August 12, 2014, from http://www.stopvaw.org/effects_of_domestic_violence This article highlights the various impacts that domestic abuse has on women. It looks at the scars, mental and physical, left by violence such as beating and choking. It also covers how domestic violence has a reaching effect on children whom live with the abusive male (father figure). This website is a credible source due to its’ ties with the project of the advocates of human rights. This project is a collective forum which is  dedicated to women’s rights and protection against violence. This source provided information directly relating to the effects of prolonged exposure of this type of violent home relationship on a woman and the family. It delves into the cycle of fear which women are stuck in and how they fear for their lives in many cases. Bancroft, L. (2003). Why does he do that?: Inside the minds of angry and controlling men. Penguin. In this book, the author takes a deep look into the mental pictures of men whom have been noted as angry and highly controlling. Further, it looks at the effect of this type of man on his spouse over long periods of time together. Finally it ventures into some of the warning signs that could be picked up on, problems faced when trying to get legal help to combat the issue, the abusive personalities of men, as well as the change management required to correct the issues, and escape them for the women. This is a highly credible source as it was written by Lundy Bancroft. Bancroft has had over 15 years of experience in this exact field of study. He also served as one of the directors of â€Å"Emerge.† This was the very first program in the United States which was explicitly for abusive men to come and get help. This book gives great detail toward validating my thesis, particularly r egarding how males become violent in the quest to control the female partner. Counts, D. A., Brown, J. K., & Campbell, J. (Eds.). (1999). To have and to hit: Cultural perspectives on wife beating. University of Illinois Press. In this book, the research ties together the issue of domestic abuse (physical), into the cultural aspects which are apparent throughout history in many countries around the world. In many of these cultures, the female is still viewed as less than equal, so many of the males have this societal reinforcement of an idea of superiority over females. The book also shows how in many cultures the male still has the â€Å"right† to hit women. The credibility of this source comes from the author, Judith Brown. Her research in this field has been extensive, even including time spend as a scholar at Stanford University. Her books, and various speeches are well known. This book affirms the silence that many females feel they must maintain regarding this abuse, and is where my thesis of the closed loop of  suffering stems from. Steiner. L (2013), Why abused women stay in bad relationships; Retrieved August 16, 2014, from http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/10/opinion/steiner-domestic-violence This source documents research on females whom stayed in an abusive relationship fearing of retaliation or in a hope of changing the abusing partner. The research shows the complications to the situations, particularly how a woman who’s being abused still tries to maintain a positive image to the world about their relationship. Some of the women who attempted leaving the relationship ended up with no societal support, or worse yet, died. This article gains credibility from its’ author Leslie Steiner. Leslie is volunteers for the National Domestic Violence/Abuse Hotline, and is also on the DC Volunteer Lawyers Project. This article supports my thesis by showing the why behind the silence that many abused females choose to maintain. Cycle Of Violence – Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2014, from http://www.domesticviolence.org/ This website serves as a resource for information regarding every form of domestic violence for all to learn from. This site not only discusses the violence women endure, but also the effects it has on them, the families, and specifically the children. The chart on the website shows the continual cycle that many women face with the abusive partner and how it repeats. This source gains credibility from the work done by the Oakland County Council Against Domestic Violence. This website provides information into the specifics of how males will manipulate a female partner into a situation they are or feel, trapped in. Myths and Facts about Domestic Violence (2014). Retrieved August 13, 2014, from http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/domviol/myths.htm This site is a information portal provided by the prosecuting attorney in Clark County, Indiana. This site dives into many of the myths associated with domestic violence. Highlighting that males can be the victim in domestic abuse, but that statistics show the female is most often the one whom is the victim. This is a credible source as it’s written by a prosecutor whom sees these cases on a regular basis and is able to get the facts of the case. This source gives credibility to the thesis statement by bolstering the fact that  many women feel trapped by various means. Herman, J. (2002). Trauma & Recovery: The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. This is a non-fiction work which shows how society can make the experience of being abused even more traumatic on a female. It shows how sexual abuse against a female can link to domestic terrorism. The book brings about some interesting parallels between a public trauma (terrorism) and a private trauma (rape). It also discusses the way that these public traumas can leave scars, which is akin to the lasting scars and loss of self respect which can occur within a female who has suffered sexual abuse. This source gains credibility from the author, Dr. Judith Herman. Dr. Herman is a professor at Harvard University and also the director of training for victim violence at the Cambridge Hospital. This book is a source which will reinforce my thesis, and show how males obtain sexual control over females and the effects this exertion of control has. Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D., & Greeson, M. R. (2008). Development of the Scale of Economic Abuse. Violence Against Women, 14(5), 563-588. http://vaw.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Scale-of-Economic-Abuse.pdf This study reviews the cases of economic abuse on women, committed by their respective partners. The study scope covered 103 females whom had suffered economic abuse by their partner. This study highlights that males not only use sexual and physical violence, but also are found to use economic violence. This study gains credibility due to its’ composition by a portion of diverse scholars at Michigan University. Megan Greeson, Adrienne Adams, Deborah Bybee, and Cris Sullivan are professors at Michigan University whom have been engaged in community based and highly collaborative research. This study was published in 2008 and was put together with first hand details given by those who experienced the domestic abuse. This study affirms the thesis showing the way males attempt to gain control over females and using economic abuse. It shows how economic abuse affects victims by making them feel helpless. These feelings cause them to then give in and give the abuser what they want. Price J.L., Lee S. S., Quiroga S. S., (December 2000), Meeting the Needs of Survivors, Department of Status of Women, City and County of San Francisco. Retrieved August 9, 2014, from http://sfgov.org/dosw/violence-against-women-girls-san-francisco This source is a survey conducted by members of Department of Status of women, city and county of San Francisco regarding why women don’t fight back against domestic abuse. This survey was conducted via telephone interviews with approximately 25% of the female population in the county participating. Results clearly showed that females tolerated the abuse to attempt to maintain a stable relationship, and positive appearance to society. This source gains credibility from the scholars conducting the research: Jennifer L. Price, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Seline Szkupinski Quiroga for Department of Status of Women of City and County of San Francisco. These surveys were completed personally by calling women and asking about the factors related to domestic violence and abuse. This source affirms my thesis, and provides statistical data regarding the silence of females in an abusive home.

DOMA Ruling

Last week was a huge week for our supreme court. There were a couple really important rulings. There was the University of Texas Vs. Fisher, which argued race when accepting students into their school. There was also a voting rights act ruling as well. The one that stuck out most to me was the court’s decision on DOMA. DOMA stands for â€Å"defense of marriage act. † It was signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996 to prevent same-sex couples whose marriages were recognized by their home state from receiving benefits available to other married couples under federal law. DOMA caused the federal government to not recognize gay marriages. This meant gay and lesbian partners of federal employees did not receive federal health insurance, social security or any of the other benefits given to the spouses of heterosexual employees. DOMA was voted unconstitutional last week by a 5-4 vote. If you are married legally in a state that recognizes same-sex marriage you can now receive federal benefits. President Barack Obama released a statement celebrating the decision. This was discrimination enshrined in law. It treated loving, committed gay and lesbian couples as a separate and lesser class of people. The Supreme Court has righted that wrong, and our country is better off for it,† (DOMA Unconstitutional) I think that this ruling will affect our country in the future. I personally agree with this ruling and think that couples in same sex marriages should have the same benefits as couples that are not. This ruling is only in effect for states that have sam e sex marriages. I think that soon however more states will allow gay marriages than before. I believe that it is a small stepping stone in the gay rights movement and our country is definitely on its way to making even more changes. I believe that everyone should be treated equally no matter who they love. Same sex couples (In legal states of course) are now eligible for many of the health, pension, and other spousal benefits that used to be only guaranteed to the spouses of heterosexual federal workers.

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Essay

The Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One’s Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the evolution of natural sciences. In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism. Descartes modified it to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible. Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions. Whereas Francis Bacon’s Scientific Method wanted to replace the deductive reasoning by inductive reasoning. The important concept in this reformed thought is about discovering truth rather than establishing the beliefs by deduction. The scientific and philosophical contributions that Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon helped form a single concept of the scientific method. The scientific method was a new way to reach a conclusion about anything and refers to a way one should acquire knowledge, or investigate a phenomenon or to correct and refine previous unproven knowledge. It is a five step method; the inquiry, initial hypothesis, action of investigation, results and conclusion. Rene Descartes was born in France at La Haye near the city of Tours in 1596. He went to school at the age of eight at La Fleche in France; he was a student there until the age of sixteen, in which he studied scholastic philosophy and mathematics. Later he was educated at the Jesuit College of La Fleche between 1606 and 1614. When he was nineteen he left Jesuit College for the University of Poitiers, where he studied law for two years and graduated in the year 1616. He got a degree in law but developed a passion for mathematics because he saw it as one field where absolute certainty could be found. Descartes also saw it as a means for achieving greater progress in both science and philosophy. He later claimed that his education gave him little of substance and that only mathematics had given him certain knowledge. In 1618-1621 he enlisted in the army, military service was tradition in his family, and when the Thirty Years’ War began he was encouraged to volunteer under the Count de Bucquoy in the Bavarian army. In his leisure time he studied mathematics, having been influenced by the Dutch mathematician and scientist Beeckman. He left the army in 1621 he dedicated his life to the study of science and philosophy (1621-1649). During which time he published his most influential works, by 1650 his health was depleting and he passed away in Stockholm of pneumonia at the age of fifty-three. Francis Bacon was born in London. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of twelve. He studied law and became a barrister in 1582; two years later he took a seat in the House of Commons. Bacon’s opposition, in 1584, to Queen Elizabeth’s tax program delayed his political advancement. While in the earlier days he supported the Earl of Essex, Bacon, in 1601, was involved in his prosecution. With the accession of James I (1566-1625) and thereafter, a number of honours were bestowed on Bacon: he was knighted in 1603, made Solicitor General in 1604, Attorney General in 1613, and Lord Chancellor in 1618. He was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and supporter of modern science. Early in his career he claimed â€Å"all knowledge as his province† and afterwards dedicated himself to an extensive revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning. To take the place of the established tradition a miscellany of Scholasticism, humanism, and natural magic, he proposed an entirely new system based on empirical and inductive principles and the active development of new arts and inventions, a system whose ultimate goal would be the production of practical knowledge. Descartes and Bacon were influenced by 16th century society. What does the situation look like in Europe in terms of science and philosophy in 1500’s? Scholasticism is over in terms of being a philosophical point of view. It is still practiced in some universities and will be practiced up until the 18th century at least. Three fundamental changes have occurred during the Renaissance; Aristotle portrayed the understanding of the universe, Galen described the importance of medicine and to understand astronomy Ptolemy described it. In 200 years there has been a revolutionary change, Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton have replaced Ptolemy in astronomy. Galileo has replaced Aristotle in physics. Harvey has replaced Galen in medicine. The three ancient authorities have been over thrown. In Rene Descartes’ Discourse on Method he expresses his disappointment with traditional philosophy and with the limitations of theology; only logic, geometry and algebra hold his respect, because of the utter certainty which they can offer us. Unfortunately, because they depend on hypotheses, they cannot tell us what is real, i. . what the world is really like. Therefore Descartes suggests a method of thought combining the consistency of mathematics but based on natural truths about what is real, basic knowledge which could not be wrong (like the axioms of geometry). He calls into question everything that he thinks he has learned through his senses but rests his entire system on the one truth that he cannot doubt, namely, the reality of his own mind and the radical difference between the mental and the physical aspects of the world. What is crucial to Descartes is reason because he wants to establish a foundation for the sciences. Reason is a constant for Descartes; he is given credit as starting the modern rationalist school. Rationalists were people who philosophers who felt that every human being possessed ideas about the world that each of us was born with and they were the bases of much of our knowledge. Descartes does tend to rationalism. â€Å"Thus our convictions result from custom and example very much more than from any knowledge that is certain. Look at how we operate as human beings in society. Our beliefs and convictions come from tradition, we believe certain things and act in certain ways, and we are interested in certain things because of the traditions that preceded us. Descartes apposes this to knowledge that is certain, in other words basically he does not have much time for tradition. Beliefs and convictions are not knowledge. Knowledge is something that you can be certain of. When Descartes says knowledge, he means no possibility of doubt at all. Absolute certainty is knowledge and this is what he wanted for his new foundation for the sciences. Certainty is everything, not gut certainty, gut feeling is purely psychological subject feeling. Feeling is not included when referring to certainty, object certainty is certainty is there no matter what your feeling is it is a state of affairs that is there if you like it or not and you know it in such a way that you cannot possibly be mistaken and you cannot possibly doubt it. Descartes criticizes tradition; he says we can’t rely on tradition for true knowledge. In terms of the contemporary world you cannot rely on the point of view of the masses of people when we are trying to deal with or discover new knowledge that might be somewhat difficult to get a handle on. Descartes only relies on one thing mainly and that is his reason. â€Å"I decided to go slowly and to be so careful about everything that, even if I made very little progress, I would at least prevent myself from falling. I did not even wish to begin rejecting completely any of the views that may have slipped among my beliefs previously without having been introduced there by reason. He wants to go slowly and not make mistakes because he is dealing with his own mind and thoughts. When Descartes is considering beliefs he wants only those beliefs that have been checked out by his reason. â€Å"Everything that I accepted as being most true up to now I acquired from the senses or through the senses. However, I have occasionally found that they deceive me, and it is prudent never to trust those who have deceived us, even if only once. † Descartes tries to undermine his beliefs by considering the fact that he remembers that his senses have deceived him before. Descartes’s goal is to suspend judgment about any of his beliefs which are even slightly doubtful. Descartes talks about the three disciplines of mathematics, logic, geometric analysis and algebra. In logic a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion is called a syllogism. Example, Major premise: All men are mortal. Minor premise: Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Therefore Socrates is mortal. The key thing about a syllogism for Descartes is that as an argument form it does not help us learn anything new. Individuals use arguments to establish aspects that are new, that are different from the premises, the example above does not tell an individual something new because all the information is provided within the premises. In deductive logic when all the premises are true and the argument is valid it goes by the rules of logic, than the argument is a sound argument and the truth of the conclusion is guaranteed. Descartes wants a logic that is going to help discover new truths. In the case of syllogisms and most of its other rules are more useful for explaining to someone else what one already knows or even, for speaking uncritically about things that one does not know, rather than for learning them. † Descartes says this logic does not help with discovering a new scientific method and he cannot rely on logic alone to generate a new method. Regarding geometry â€Å"is always so tied to the discussion of shapes that it cannot exercise the understanding without greatly tiring the im agination. † He is happy with the understanding, which for Descartes also means reason. Descartes does not agree with imagination because imagination can get tired while it is conjuring up various images. He is pro understanding and reason but is suspicious of imagination and unfortunately geometry is reliant on imagination and therefore he cannot rely completely on geometry for his new method. Algebra is so constrained by certain rules and symbols that it has become a confused art that hinders the mind rather than a science that assists it. Descartes decides to do it by himself and develop a method on his own. He assembles four basic rules for his method and they also reflect what goes on in basic science in modern day. The first was never to accept anything as true if I did not clearly that it was so. † No subjection bias and jumping to conclusions. Jumping to conclusions is one of the criticisms he makes of some forms of reasoning and jumping to conclusions simply means on the bases of very little data I make a conclusion beyond that data. A modern day example supporting Descartes first rule is to go buy a new car, take the car out for a test drive and drive it for about 10- 20 minutes than decide to buy the car because it is fabulous and it will never have any problems. Descartes says this is hasty reasoning that is drawing a hasty conclusion, in other words you haven’t driven that car enough to make that kind of conclusion about the quality of that car. Analytical is the second rule, the problem that you are dealing with as a scientist. The first thing you do when you confront a problem is to break it down into its parts. In other words what are the elements of this problem? Descartes is saying the best way to solve a problem is to first break it down to analyze it into its smallest sub parts and then attack it. The third rule was reconstruction/reduction. Reduction refers to subject matter, â€Å"to guide my thoughts in an orderly way by beginning with the objects that are the simplest and easiest to know. † In other words you break down the objects to their simplest part which is the reduction and then you reconstruct from the parts of the object. When you are reconstructing you are looking for the internal order of the subject matter. Comprehensiveness is the fourth rule for Descartes’ method. Means to make sure nothing relevant has been left out of consideration. That you have dealt with the entire object and all of its parts and not just some of the object and some of its parts. The bases of his method is that if all inferences that if they result from an argument that has all true premises and follows the rules of logic than the conclusion is necessarily true. This is the possibility of the perfect argument, if one every time someone criticizes you was able to devise an argument that had all true premises and followed the rules of logic one could be assured that the truth of your conclusion every time out was true. At the beginning of his adult life, Francis Bacon aimed at a revision of natural philosophy; he wanted a new system which emphasized empirical methods and laying the foundation for applied science. The apparent difference between Descartes and Bacon, Descartes emphasis was on deduction and reason; Bacon is caught more by empiricisms which mean he believes all our knowledge comes from sense experience. In 1603 Bacon writes the interpretation of nature. Here he opposes Aristotelian thought and purposes a new outline for a new method. Like Descartes he has no use for tradition, for the philosophical tradition and the scientific tradition he has no use for it what so ever. Bacon is saying we need a new start.

Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation - Essay Example However, with the increased information technology, there emerged rivals into the DRAMs market that started to compete with Intel Company such as Japan. This brought about the decrease in the company’s sales as there were different choices of products where the customers would choose from (Aid, 2012). This resulted in a loss for the company’s accounts as it had ventured a lot of funds into the DRAMs project. Some of the companies had a much more advanced technology in the manufacturing of DRAMs such as the ones that were used by the Japanese. The Japanese had links with the various raw materials, as well as labor suppliers. Skilled labor was readily available for the Japanese thus making great inventions into the DRAMs market. Through the availability of effective machinery in the Japanese’s industries, they were able to effectively assemble DRAMs that were of a higher quality compared to the ones that Intel was assembling. However, some companies such as Nikon helped in the advancement of the DRAMs thus beating Intel Company out of the market. Financial institutions in Japanese provided low interest charges on loans to the investors. This lead to the motivation of the entrepreneurs who had an eye in the assembling of the DRAMs thus resulting in increased variety of the products. With the continuously improving technology, the firms with the adequate and modernized machinery were the only ones that had a competitive advantage in the DRAMs market. This resulted to the decline of most of the firms that were technologically poor as their products did not meet the expectations of the clients (Aid, 2012). The company’s success can be attributed to its uniqueness in the undertakings in the micro-processor market. The company was strategically positioned in regard to successfully having an exploration of the microprocessor venture through technological designs. This favored the markets of the processors

Medical Terminology Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Terminology Research Assignment - Essay Example Examples of a medication error is in the use of a long-acting prescription cough medicine. "Reports indicate that health care professionals have prescribed Tussionex for patients younger than the approved aged group of 6 years old and older, more frequently than the labeled dosing interval of every 12 hours ("extended release"), and that patients have administered the incorrect dose due to misinterpretation of the dosing directions and the use of inappropriate measuring devices. Overdose of Tussionex in older children, adolescents, and adults has also been associated with life-threatening and fatal breathing problems" (FDA News, 2008). Another example is the overdose of acetaminophen in drugs marketed as Tylenol and Datril. These drugs should not be taken more than the dose prescribed or seen on the label, and not more than the number of days as prescribed for. Due to these incidences, government and non-government organizations in the United States and in the United Kingdom directly "warned doctors that the use of abbreviations in medical notes is putting patients' lives at risk." (Pocack, N, 2008). In an effort to reduce the number of medication errors drastically, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has issued a list of abbreviations, acronyms and symbols that should no longer be used. They did this because of the reported 44,000 and 96,000 deaths each year which were attributed to medication errors which have been shown to be due to flaws in parts of the system involving prescribing, repackaging, dispensing, administering, monitoring or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned. "Medication errors may result from single or multiple breakdowns in a system's continuum of diagnosing an ailment, planning a therapeutic regimen, prescribing and dispensing drugs, and administering the drug" (Philips J, 2001). The article reviewed medical errors for a 5-year span (1993-1998). They noted that the most common cause of these errors was the indiscernible handwriting in prescriptions making the abbreviations look like something else. Example of an error resulting from poor handwriting; the "ug" as in microgram may seem like "ml" as in microliter; example of an error due to wrong abbreviation is "BT" for bedtime may be comprehended as "BID" as in three times a day. These errors are found most frequestly in clinical notes, prescriptions and treatment charts which are all over the workplace. The use of these abbreviations should be kept to an absolute minimum if not any at all. They cause confusion and present a risk to patients. Similarly, on the same goal to minimize medication errors, the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in 2003 created a list of "Do Not Use" abbreviations (IMSP List, 2003) which establishes a standard for abbreviations and terms used. And in 2005, the JCAHO suggested the Patient Safety Event Taxonomy which could facilitate a common approach for patient safety information systems (Chang A, 2005). This taxonomic standardization scheme hopes to make it known to everyone that there is an existing standard set of words and/or phrases which are to be used, and no other in medication writing or prescription writing. In Canada, they too have shown that

CHILDREN AND THE MEDIA - media literacy Literature review

CHILDREN AND THE MEDIA - media literacy - Literature review Example They gain exposure to different methods in which the media can be used to manipulate and misrepresent and also its role in view generation and reality (Pannu and Tomar, 2010, pg. 21). However, the above definitional can be described as outdated for media literacy has evolved from just theses abilities and formats into electronic forms (Pannu and Tomar, 2010, pg. 21). Since 1970’s when information technology emerged, media and information has shown tremendous growth forming a basis for education and learning. This saw information becoming more digital, while people and countries became more networked. This has led to a complex and transformed environment filled with all kind of data and information that is easily accessed by a simple swipe or click of a button (Cohen, Schwartz and Harris, 2013 pg. 52). In the 1300’s, long before the information technological boom, Sorbonne library located in Paris had 1,338 books which made it the largest library in Europe. However, only an elite group of people had access to the tremendous amount of information contained in the library. In this century, thereis a high number of libraries containing more than eight million books. These books are lent out to millions of people across the globe (Potter, 2011, pg. 6). Media literacy has received a massive boost due to this. The creation of online libraries that store books in virtual cloud space has also attributed to easy ac cess to books. In 2007, 276,649 new book titles were produced by commercial publishers. A further addition of 134,773 book titles were produced by on demand publishers (Potter, 2011, pg. 6). Due to this tremendous amount of information being produced every day, humans have come up with ways to automatically sieve through this information and get the information required in a matter of seconds or faster. This has seen people from age groups develop skills that are essential in accessing information from anywhere and at any time. This

Marketing practices in Kuwait vs. the USA Assignment

Marketing practices in Kuwait vs. the USA - Assignment Example consumers have developed favorable attitudes towards the United States and the Kuwaiti firms have many marketing ideologies that are prevalent in the United States. The United States takes marketing segmentation as a critical marketing element to determine the consumers who are likely to seek for their products and services. Segmentations exist in various aspects such as geographically, demographically, by culture, or in relation to the benefits, which are demanded by customers. Kuwait also has segmented its market to reach the most desirable consumers. These segmentation strategies ensure that future promotions and integrated communication are available between the two countries. Kuwait simplifies the process of determining how to effectively promote a product while taking into consideration the consumers values, attitude and lifestyle. Psychographics seem to be of high relevance in the United States market as evident in the fast food chain. Positioning of a product is an important aspect for Kuwait and USA marketing strategies in order to gain competitive advantages and ensure higher revenue growth in sales of products and services. Both Kuwait and USA have taken advantage of the digital marketing activities in order to effectively promote their products and services particularly brand promotion. The advantage of doing this is that fact that it reduces dependency on external agents and allow the firms to market directly to the consumers of their goods and services at much less market based expenditures. The USA and Kuwait have formed platforms for common marketing practices in order to seek ways of justifying the quality of products as a means of expressing the benefits of the products to the consumers and the ethical stance associated with the brand and the businesses. The marketers from both the nations realize the importance of adding certification to their products and services as an illustration of compliance to the social expectations and inspections

Customer Service Training Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Customer Service Training - Assignment Example he paper will identify ways through which deficiencies would be eliminated by justifying the use of needs assessment of the company’s given employee training program. Undoubtedly, training can play a vital role for the success of an organization. Organizations (associated with customer service specifically) hold various training sessions as it is one of the appropriate techniques to meet the goals and objectives and to attain efficient production. Training session for new employees helps them to settle in the fresh new environment and get used to with the company’s policies. Furthermore, these training sessions also helps the new employees regarding the better use of technology and IT (Handy, 2008). Since customer service is a very delicate and important aspect for any business, therefore, it should be noted that the new employees must learn ways through which they can perform better. Also, it can create a steadfast team of their own that has the tendency to overcome issues and fulfill the customer requirements under every circumstance (Marquardt, 2000). The best way to hold a training session for the new employees is through needs assessment technique. There is an avid need to identify the loopholes or the actual training needs that are required by the company, and should be prioritized. For example in the present case of training new employees, there is an obvious need to address them the basic rules and policies of the company regarding customer services and how it stands out in the market. Furthermore, there are numerous tasks and functions that cannot be done without proper training or guidance, for example, the use of technology / IT in the company, etc. This approach would result in paramount returns by investing time and training on the employees by correctly identifying the basic needs, issues in customer service, and other work related queries, while it also helps inappropriately appointing the right employee at the right place (Evenson,

Education Assesment Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Assesment Plan - Essay Example Learners who are able to read letter A to Z, A to L and A to G without errors are assigned grade 3, 2 and 1respectivelty. Since the students involved are at lower level the issue of time needed to complete is task is a major constraint. Besides, the entry behavior of the students and question of whether to inform the students about the standard for awarding score provides a big challenge. However, the assessment plan adheres to various principles of evaluation and hence suitable for assessing performance level. A school as an agent of social change is accountable to the community. The society expects a school to provide quality education that meets both the individual and national demands. One instrument available for establishing whether a school responds to this goal is through assessment. An assessment refers to the process of gathering, scrutinizing, analyzing, giving meaning to both qualitative and quantitative data and presenting a report about a particular area of study. The r eport acts as basis for formulating policies at school and national level. Moreover, it gauges the level of achievement of learning objectives. A teacher may choose to assess student continuously in class (formative assessment) or administer a test at the end of the term (summative assessment). Although, one type of assessment may be preferred over the other, an assessment as whole is an integral part of learning process. Therefore, the process of evaluation must not fall below standard. The process can be improved by planning the entire assessment process. An assessment plan is scheme detailing objectives, context, content, task and time of assessment. For any assessment to achieve its intended goals, it must be valid. This means it must test whatever it meant to evaluate without ambiguity (Morrow et al, 2006). Consequently, the assessment should relate to the content or curriculum. The study of alphabets is key requirement in the learning of language. It is the foundation of word formation. The assessment correctly tests this area by letting the students recite the alphabet from A to Z and assign specific words to each letter. Therefore, the assessment is meaningful. The test captures all aspects of the content such as recitation, sequencing and word building. Moreover, the mental complexity of the student is tested by asking students to identify the missing letters in a sequence. A apart from validity, an assessment should also be reliable. A reliable assessment is one which is consistent and produces similar results if it was repeated. As a result, a student should get almost same score if the assessment was done again (Maureen, 2006). This assessment is done under same condition and instruction. Each student is expected to perform same task of reciting the alphabets. Therefore, no significant variation in the performance of student is expected if the test was repeated because the instructions are clear. Again, the students are given tasks with same level of difficulty irrespective of their cognitive abilities. A student who is able to recite all alphabets is expected to fill the missing alphabets in a sequence. This demonstrates high level of internal consistency. The students are given time to perform the tasks and demonstrate their skills and abilities. In addition, they have been given an opportunity to grade themselves. The students should be made aware of the assessment criteria before commencing a test

Gay male culture Essay Example for Free

Gay male culture Essay American culture has focused much more heavily on gay men than on other members of the LGBT community. This may be due to larger numbers of men than women and it may also be due to gay men having more resources available to them to justify, explore and perform their sexuality. The western culture as a whole still sees men and male experience as the central experience in culture, even if the men in question are transgressing established gender norms. Gay culture relies upon secret symbols and codes woven into an overall straight context. The association of gay men with opera, ballet, professional sports, , musical theater, the Golden Age of Hollywood, and interior design began with wealthy homosexual men using the straight themes of these media to send their own signals. In the Marilyn Monroe film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a musical [filmfreakcentral. net] number features a woman singing while muscled men in revealing costumes dance around her. The mens costumes were designed by a man, the dance was choreographed by a man, and the dancers seem more interested in each other than in the female star, but her reassuring presence gets the sequence past the censors and fits it into an overall heterocentric theme. Today gay male culture is publicly acknowledged. Celebrities such as Liza Minnelli spent [topix. net] a significant amount of their social time with urban gay men, who were now popularly viewed as sophisticated and stylish by the jet set. Celebrities themselves were open about their relationships. Gay men cant be identified by the way they look or what kind of music they like. There are gay men in every field and all sorts of fashions and music. Lesbian culture A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. The history of lesbian culture over the last half-century has been linked to the evolution of feminism. Older stereotypes of lesbian women stressed a dichotomy between women who adhered to stereotypical male gender stereotypes (butch) and stereotypical female gender stereotypes (femme), and that typical lesbian couples consisted of butch/femme couples. Today, some lesbian women adhere to being either butch or femme, but these categories are much less rigid and there is no express expectation that a lesbian couple be butch/femme. There is a sub-culture within the lesbian community called Aristasia, where lesbians in the community adhere to exaggerated levels of femininity. In this culture, there are two genders, blonde and brunette, although they are unrelated to actual hair color. Brunettes are femme, yet blondes are even more so. Also notable are diesel dykes, extremely butch women who use male forms of dress and behavior, and who often work as truck drivers. Lipstick lesbian refers to feminine women who are attracted only to other feminine women. Bisexual culture In modern western culture Bisexual people are in the peculiar situation of receiving hatred or distrust [Lunde 1990] or even outright denial of their existence from some elements of both the straight and lesbian and gay populations. There is of course some element of general anti-LGBT feeling, but some people insist that bisexual people are unsure of their true feelings, that they are experimenting or going through a phase and that they eventually will or should decide or discover which (singular) sex they are sexually attracted to. One popular misconception is that [Lunde 1990] bisexuals find all humans sexually attractive. That is no truer than the idea that, say, all straight men would find all women sexually attractive. More people of all kinds are becoming aware that there are some people who find attractive sexual partners among both men and women sometimes equally, sometimes favoring one sex in particular . Distinctions exist between sexual orientation (attraction, inclination, preference, or desire), gender identity (self-identification or self-concept) and sexual behavior (the sex of ones actual sexual partners). For example, someone who may find people of either sex attractive might in practice have relationships only with people of one particular sex. Many bisexual people consider themselves to be part of the LGBT or Queer community [Barris, 2007]. In an effort to create both more visibility, and a symbol for the bisexual community to gather behind, Michael Page created the bisexual pride flag. The bisexual flag, which has a pink or red stripe at the top for homosexuality, a blue one on the bottom for heterosexuality and a purple one in the middle to represent bisexuality, as purple is from the combination of red and blue [Lunde 1990]. Transgender culture The study of transgender culture is complicated by the many and various ways in which cultures deal with gender [hrc. org]. For example, in many cultures, people who are attracted to people of the same sex — that is those who in contemporary Western culture would identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual — are classed as a third gender, together with people who would in the West be classified as transgender or transsexual. Also in the contemporary West, there are usually [hrc.org] several different groups of transgender and transsexual people, some of which are extremely exclusive, like groups only for transsexual women who explicitly want sex reassignment surgery or male, heterosexual only cross-dressers. Transmens groups are often, but not always, more inclusive. Groups aiming at all transgender people, both transmen and transwomen, have in most cases appeared only in the last few years. Some transgender or transsexual women and men however do not classify as being part of any specific trans culture. However there is a distinction between transgender and transsexual people who make their past known to others . Some wish to live according to their gender identity and not reveal this past, stating that they should be able to live in their true gender role in a normal way, and be in control of whom they choose to tell their past to. Epistemology of the closet. The expression being in the closet is used to describe keeping secret ones sexual behavior or orientation, most commonly homosexuality or bisexuality, but also including the gender identity of transgender and transsexual people [branconolilas.no. sapo. pt]. Being in the closet is more than being private, it is a life-shaping pattern of concealment where gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender individuals hide their sexuality/gender-identity in the most important areas of life, with family, friends, and at work. Individuals may marry or avoid certain jobs in order to avoid suspicion and exposure. Some will even claim to be heterosexual when asked directly. It is the power of the closet to shape the core of an individuals life that has made homosexuality into a significant personal, social, and political drama in twentieth-century America. (Seidman 2003, p. 25). Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, in her book Epistemology of the closet, majorly focuses on male homosexuality. She is also an intellectual who is interested in gay and lesbian studies, queer studies, gender studies, and feminism. Sedgwick (Seidman 2003, p. 25) â€Å"proposes that many of the major thoughts and knowledge in twentieth-century Western culture as a whole are structured—indeed fractured—by the now endemic crisis of homo/heterosexual definition, indicatively male, dating from the end of the nineteenth century†. Incoherent ideas about homosexuality inform the way men are acculturated in the modern West, and (Seidman 2003, p. 25) since this is so, this incoherence has come to mark society generally. Incoherence characterizes the attitude toward homosexuality in the West and is beyond debate. examples, are gay men ridiculous figures of fun or are they sexual monsters who prey on young children? ; is the homosexual a limp-wrested effeminate unsuited for the armed forces, or the lothario of the showers who will gaze upon and/or rape his fellow servicemen? ; Is sexuality an orientation or is it a choice?; are homosexuals born or are they made? ; essentialism or social constructionism? ; nature/nurture?. These are all part of the effect of this crisis in modern sexual definition. Sedgwick believes that it is impossible to adjudicate between these (Seidman 2003, p. 25). In describing in general terms the mass of contradictions that adhere to homosexuality, she proposes that one consider it in terms of an opposition between a minoritizing view and a universalizing one. A minoritizing view takes the position that homosexuality is of primary importance to a relatively small group of actual homosexuals. A universalizing view takes the position that homosexuality is of importance to persons across a wide range of sexualities. Under the universalizing view, one can put nurture, social-construction, choice and a warrant for social â€Å"engineering† to eradicate homosexuality(Seidman 2003, p. 25). Sedgwick says that the current debate in queer theory, between â€Å"constructivist† and â€Å"essentialist† understandings of homosexuality is the most recent link(Seidman 2003, p. 25). She goes on to conclude that the continuation of this debate is itself the most important feature of recent understandings of sex. The aim of the book is to explore the incoherent dispensation under which we now live. Through an examination of a number of mostly late nineteenth century literary and philosophical works, including (Seidman 2003, p. 25). Melvilles BILLY BUDD, Wildes THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY, various works of Nietzsche, James THE BEAST IN THE JUNGLE, Thackerays LOVEL THE WIDOWER, and Prousts REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST, Sedgwick discovers a number of pairs of opposing terms (binarisms) which she then shows to be inconsistent with and dependent upon each other. I found it fascinating to follow her explication of the ways in which these terms were related. Among the pairings that she assembles and dissects for our consideration are secrecy/disclosure, private/public, masculine/feminine, majority/minority, innocence/initiation, natural/artificial, new/old, growth/decadence, urbane/provincial, health/illness, same/different, cognition/paranoia, art/kitsch, sincerity/sentimentality, and voluntarity/addiction (Seidman 2003, p.25). She asserts that a true understanding of the force of the opposition of these terms must be grounded in the realization and acceptance that the content of all of these terms was determined around the turn of the century amid and through anxious questioning over who and what was homosexual. These opposing terms, all of which operate today, therefore have a residue of the homo/hetero definitional crisis(Seidman 2003, p. 25). In addition, Sedgwick perhaps delivers the coup de grace(Seidman 2003, p. 25), if such was needed, to sleek, masculine, modernist objective criticism. She demonstrates that modernist criticism finds its genesis in the homo/hetero definitional crisis and both its flight into and prizing of abstraction is a direct reflection of its homophobia.

A Culturally Competent Psychologist Social Work Essay

A Culturally Competent Psychologist Social Work Essay Culture as a construct is difficult to define. Definitions of culture often refer to a set of contexts, specifically man-made elements of the environment (e.g., institutions, values, and traditions), that form a part of the collective experience among members of a society or group and that are also trans-generational as a consequence of social learning (Betancourt Lopez 1993). Some psychologists consider ethnoculturalism as the fourth force in psychotherapy (Betancourt Lopez 1993, p.629). Implicit in this is the notion that culture is a factor in influencing behaviour. To be a culturally competent psychologist, therefore, it is important to plan and implement psychological practice and research that respects group identities, local communities, indigenous values, and national and cultural differences. Cultural competence is not about being politically correct. Cultural competence has real world consequences for individuals that, in relation to psychology, are typically vulnerable or in need. The national enquiry into the stolen generations, where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were removed from their families (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997), for example, inferred that health workers participated in the calculated effort to assimilate out of existence indigenous individuals and cultures, an example of genocide. This apparent lack of cultural competence by health workers, psychologists among them, has contributed negatively to indigenous individuals psychological and physical health through mourning the loss of culture (Eisenbruch 1991), stress associated with interacting with a foreign culture (Westerman 2004), and trans-generational abuse (Atkinson 2002). Cross-cultural psychology endeavours to explicitly acknowledge the need for cross cultural awareness and competence in the discipline of psychology. Cross-cultural psychology is the systematic study of relationships between the cultural context of human development and the behaviors that become established in the repertoire of individuals growing up in a particular culture (Berry, Poortinga Pandey 1997, p.x). The goals for cross-cultural psychology include investigating the generalizability of existing theory and research results, investigating other cultures in order to identify unique cultural experiences in behaviour, and the integration of this research to establish a more universal discipline of psychology (Berry, Poortinga, Segall Dasen 2002). An investigation into behaviour as it occurs in another culture reduces ethnocentrism (Betancourt Lopez 1993) and enhances the discipline of psychology. Cross cultural research findings have observed that cultural explanations of mental illness held by psychologists are strongly correlated with shaping their response to individuals with affective problems and the subsequent course of those problems (Jenkins 1988). Also, in relation to affective problems, an individuals immediate social environment appears crucial to its sequence and prognosis (Harding, Zubin Strauss 1992). Finally, findings also suggest that members of minority groups defined by race and ethnicity are vulnerable to patterns of misdiagnosis due to a bias by clinicians to over-pathologize their problems (Good 1992). In the United States, for example, psychologists, regardless of race, have been found to diagnose more severely, and attribute more violence, dishonesty, and dangerousness to, patients that are black (Loring Powell 1988). Policy clearly has a role to play. The American Psychological Association (APA), often the policy guide for the Australian Psychological Society (APS), has made the inclusion of course components that pertain to multicultural issues, encouraging cultural competence, compulsory across training (American Psychological Association 2011) although in reality they are not compulsory as core or primary courses (Hills Strozier 1992). Also, cultural competency is not mandatorily assessed in relation to gaining registration in the United States (Sue 1998) and what assessment occurs during training differs from that done in relation to other training areas (Altmaier 1993). In addition to training, the APA Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs (1993) has published guidelines to assist with the provision of culturally aware psychological services for the practising psychologist. Training and practice constitute the areas upon which cultural competence policies are defined, as they are for Australian psychologists. To be registered as a psychologist in Australia one must complete an Australian Psychology Accreditation Council (APAC) accredited and Psychology Board of Australia approved course (Australian Psychology Accreditation Council 2011). APAC is the accreditation authority responsible for accrediting education providers and programs of study for the psychology profession (APAC 2011) whilst the Psychology Board of Australia functions as a subsidiary of the federal governments Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) (Psychology Board of Australia 2011). Finally, the APS, like the APA in the United States, is a voluntary organization that endeavours to represent psychology and psychologists in Australia. Despite this, the Psychology Board of Australia has adopted the APS Code of Ethics (2007) for the profession (Psychology Board of Australia 2011). Ethnoculturalism is recognized as important to the discipline of psychology and, as such, APAC (2010) has nested cultural competency within training for the discipline. Courses must encourage knowledge and understanding of: intercultural diversity and indigenous psychology; how the science and practice of psychology is influenced by social, historical, professional, and cultural contexts; the cultural bases of behaviour and organisational systems; issues for minority or marginalised groups; limitations of psychological tests with particular reference to cultural issues; and interpersonal skills in communicating effectively with clients, other psychologists, other professionals, the community, individuals, small groups, and agencies from varied cultural, ethnic, religious, social, and political backgrounds (APAC 2010). Training eventually gives way to practice. The APS Code of Ethics (2007) references ethnoculturalism in a more general way through three general ethical principles. The APS Code of Ethics (2007) is based on the respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples; propriety; and integrity. In the first general principle, respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples, (APS Code of Ethics 2007) psychologists are encouraged to have positive regard for diversity and uniqueness of individuals and their right to linguistically and culturally appropriate services. Acknowledging the particular needs of indigenous Australians, the APS has also published guidelines for the provision of psychological services for, and the conduct of psychological research with, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals (APS 2003b). Whilst there are no other specific ethnocultural guidelines, there are guidelines for other groups such as women (APS 2003a), and groups defined by sexual orientation (APS 2000). The Code of Ethics frames practice. Essentially there are three types of psychologists; clinical psychologists, applied psychologists, and research psychologists (Nairne 2009). Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat psychological problems; applied psychologists extend psychological principles to practical, non-clinical, problems; and research psychologists conduct research to elucidate essential principles of behaviour and cognizance (Nairne 2009). Whilst registered psychologists can arguably do little in regards to their initial training content, ongoing professional development and supervision are two areas where cultural competency can actively be developed and maintained. In addition to this, if involved in research, a culturally competent approach could be nested within it. So, it is in the areas of professional development, supervision, and research where the cultural competence of the practicing psychologist may be developed and honed. Continuing professional development (CPD) is a requirement for annual renewal of psychology registration (Psychology Board of Australia 2011). Identifying professional development to enhance cultural competence initially requires an assessment by the psychologist of their needs in relation to culturally competent awareness, knowledge, and skills (Pedersen 2011). Once an assessment is made, the psychologist can actively address deficits. CPD can then be identified that further develops an awareness that culturally learned assumptions exist and interact with those of a patient; develops meaningful information and insight into the patients unique cultural context; and finally develops a skill set that can facilitate patient change (Pedersen 2011). Early career psychologists may find the identification of necessary CPD daunting. Supervision, then, may assist in accurately identifying CPD needs in relation to cultural competency. Supervision is mandatory for psychologists (Psychology Board of Australia 2011) and can play an integral role in regards to cultural competency skill acquisition and expertise (Sue Sue 2008). Supervision may be defined as a process whereby a more experienced clinician mentors or imparts specialist knowledge to a clinician, or group of clinicians, less experienced (Bernard Goodyear 2004). Formative and summative assessment of cultural competency can assess the degree of supervisee cultural competency and guide further cultural competency training (Hays 2008). A supervisor, therefore, needs to encourage the development of cultural awareness, the reduction of bias, and developing strategic interventions in relation to future patients (Sue Sue 2008). Psychologists need to integrate cultural competence into their professional undertakings in recognition of the increasing diversity of their social context (Sue Sue 2008). For applied and clinical psychologists, interactions with patients are central to their provision of service. In relation to this patient / psychologist interaction, Pedersens (2011) Triad Training Model underscores the need for cultural competency and, by extension, its development through supervision and CPD. Pedersen (2011) suggests that when two individuals communicate there are actually three conversations occurring simultaneously. There is the uttered exchange; the psychologists own internal dialogue; and finally the internal dialogue of the patient (Pederson 2011). Cultural competency is imperative, according to Pederson (2011), as the greater the cultural difference between the psychologist and patient, the less likely the psychologist will accurately hear the internal dialogue, positive and negative messages, of the culturally different patient. Research too, then, needs to become more sophisticated, expanding the utility and generalizability of any findings. Psychological research, in regards cultural competency, is lacking in three areas: diversity amongst researchers; appropriate ethnocultural studies; and culturally appropriate assessment instruments (Gil Bob 1999). Firstly, the lack of diversity may be addressed by actively recruiting students from diverse backgrounds as co-researchers (Casas Thompson 1991) as well as striving for a culturally diverse research team matched to that cultural group being investigated (Atkinson, 1993). Secondly, cultural groups identified for research should be engaged in the development of research questions and that subsequent research should be monitored by members of these groups for community relevance and general quality (Casas Thompson 1991). Finally, assessment selection should consider cultural orientation, particularly as instruments are often Eurocentric (Dana 1996), and that any translations be accurately assessed in regards to their meaning (Brislin 1993). CPD, supervision, and research are three areas that the psychologist can actively develop cultural competence. The development of cultural competency is not a finite exercise but, rather, a lifelong process of learning. Being a culturally competent psychologist encourages research that is both sophisticated and more generalizable, and relationships between psychologist and patient that are more explicitly anchored in a cultural context, enhancing therapeutic outcomes in a wider range of therapeutic settings. To be a culturally competent psychologist, therefore, it is important to plan and implement psychological practice and research that respects group identities, local communities, indigenous values, and national and cultural differences.

Poverty in Sudan: Trends and Causes

Poverty in Sudan: Trends and Causes To measure the trends of poverty in a systematic way one needs a continuous flow of household-level data pertaining to income and expenditure. The first household budget survey carried out in Sudan was in 1968 followed by the second one on 1978. In 1992 the ILO funded the migration and labor force survey. Also, in 1992 the Social Solidarity fund funded the poverty line survey. In 1994, Ali adopts a direct approach to assess the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) (1978-1986) on poverty in Sudan. However, and before reviewing poverty in Sudan let us glimpse the factors behind poverty in Sudan. Causes of Poverty The causes of rural poverty in Sudan are to be found in the sustained urban bias of the development strategies adopted since independence. This tended to neglect the traditional agricultural sector where the vast majority of population lives and is the main source of rural livelihood. This has resulted in high rural to urban migration unaccompanied by either increased productivity in the sector or sufficient urban development to generate the necessary urban employment opportunities. Note that the development of the agricultural sector was completely ignored but it was dichotomous in nature in the sense that the Islands of modern irrigated agriculture coexisted side by side with the vast traditional rain –fed agriculture. While the former benefited from modern scale specific technologies and market access, the latter lagged behind in terms of production technologies, finance, management, research, extension, market access and rural roads. As a result of this unbalanced urban/ru ral development structure, the traditional agricultural sector continued to be the major source of limited supply of unskilled labor to urban centers thereby swelling the ranks of the informal labor markets where there is little employment at or near the subsistence wage level. This has also exerting additional pressures on the already limited and over stretched social services and facilities. These trends were further aggravated by those displaced by both natural (rainfall failures leading to famines) and manmade disasters. El Tahir M. Nur (1992). In addition and throughout the period since independence, there has been a clear pro- urban bias in policies adopted by successive governments. These manifested themselves in the provision of a reasonably adequate social and economic infrastructure not matched by similar facilities in the rural areas. These pro- urban biases were further strengthened by the long running policies of subsidizing a variety of goods consumed by urban population. However, such goods were out of reach of many of most of the urban poor particularly, the recent migrants from rural areas who represent the poorest of the urban poor who are manually employed in the marginal jobs in the informal sector. But, it must pointed out that most of these consumption subsidies have been abolished under the recent economic reform programs, though electricity and piped water are still subsidized such that piped water is cheaper in urban than in rural areas. The effects of urban bias were further aggravated by government ma rketing policies for some of the major export crops mostly grown in rural traditional sector, where export monopolies very much along the lines of the old marketing boards, were established for Gum Arabic, oilseeds (abolished in late 1980s) and more recently livestock. This marketing structure has adversely affected farmers’ incomes, their incentives to increase production and their chances to raise their living standards. In the context of poverty alleviation, the current marketing structure for those exports needs radical reform. As discussed above, causes of poverty are more complex. Part of the explanation is certainly the lack of rural focus in the various development efforts since independence. The other part of the explanation relates to the basic characteristics of the traditional sector. In other words, it is vulnerability that constitutes the major cause of impoverishment and deprivation in the traditional sector. The unstable climatic conditions of rural Sudan, with their characteristics of frequent rainfall variability, have from time immemorial altered rural producers to the periodic oscillation from feast to famine situations. A basic strategy of rural producers was and continues to be hoarding of surpluses in good years to transcend the hardships of lean years. Furthermore, conflict in Sudan, as in elsewhere; represent the most devastating factor to nation’s infrastructure and welfare. Therefore, the civil strife took place in various parts of the country since independence, represents one of the most ravaging factors and has a tremendous impact on poverty situation in the country. Thus, southern Sudan was the most severe conflict and has been counted as the most destructive elements of development in the whole country. The war has also resulted in numerous cases of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and returnees whose situation become aggravated after they were but in zero stage of living. The problems of debt and the deterioration in donor community relations have also a tremendous effect on the poverty situation in Sudan. The International Institutions such World Bank and African Development Bank used to finance several sectoral developmental projects that have a direct impact on population welfare. However, the absence of those institutions has resulted in an un-bridged gap in terms of resources availability that reduces employment opportunities. Magnitude and poverty trends It is most important to note that the poverty trends differ very slightly and sometimes vary greatly between groups. In general terms, the number of the poor people in rural areas has increased with a rate nearly equal to the rate of population increase. And the number of the poor urban household has increased at a higher rate than the urban population growth rate. This situation was created due to immigration took place from the rural areas to urban centers responding to the economic incentives consistent with the objectives of maintaining industrial revolution centered in urban sector. However, as we mentioned earlier, the industrial sector was not able to absorb the rural migration. An elaboration of poverty situation will be presented in the sub-periods below depending mainly on studies made by Ali Abdel Gadir: â€Å"Poverty and Structural Adjustment Programs in Sudan†. The trend of head count index in Sudan over this period (1968-1978) had been increasing at an annual rate of 0.5% Annex 4. Over the same period, the number of rural households had been growing at a rate equal to the rural population growth rate while the number of poor urban households had been growing at a rate higher than the urban population growth rate. Over the same period, the poverty gap ratio in the whole country had been decreasing at an annual growth rate of 0.64%. This shows that although poverty had been spreading at an annual rate of 0.5 % over the period, the economic conditions of the poor had improved over the same period. The rural urban poverty structure emerged as a result of a hasty adoption of dual economy development modules that advocate development through the transfer of cheap labor from the rural traditional sector (agriculture) to the urban modern sector (industry). Urban modern wage sector failed to absorb the rural migrants and marginal urban jobs by the rural migrants (the informal sector) proved not to be a stepping stone to the formal wage sector. During the period (1978-1986) the headcount index increased from 54.3% in 1978 to 77.8% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase 4.6% and the rural urban poverty disparity was that the rural headcount index for urban increase from 20.5% in 1978 to 52.9% in 1986. However, the rural incidence of poverty (83.1) remained higher than the incidence of urban poverty (53%). However, the period had witnessed that the incidence of urban poverty had been growing at a higher annual rate 12.6% than the rural (3.3%). Meanwhile, the number of poor families in Sudan increased from 1.7 million in 1978 to 2.7 million in 1986 in an annual rate of 6.2% which is higher than the population growth rate. Up to 1986, the number of the poor rural families exceeded the number of the urban poor families by 2.33 million but growth rate of the poor urban families exceeded that of rural by 9.4% percentage points ( Nur, 2003:5). The observed high pace of the incidence of urban poverty (12.6%) over the period (1978-1986) was attributed to the structural adjustment programs (SAPs) and the urban bias development policies (i.e. the development that overlooks the rural areas without creating enough urban jobs) coupled with urban poverty growing faster than rural poverty. Sudan poverty gap index, over the period (1978-1986) increased from 23.1% in 1978 to 45.4% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase of 8.8%. This implies that, given the incidence of poverty, the income gap ratio increased from 42.6% in 1987 to 58.4% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase of 3.9%. By contrast, during the period (1968-1976) the incidence of poverty has been increasing at an annual rate of 0.5% but poverty and income gap ratio has been decreasing at an annual rates of 0.64% and both 1.2% respectively (improve economic conditions of the poor). Comparing the two periods, we notice that the poverty levels, both in urban and rural, have in creased sharply. Therefore, the situation has become more and more complicated and the existing social safety nets ( Zakat and other social funds) were unable to address the phenomena at that time. During this period, the incidence of poverty has also increasing. The national headcount index increased from 77.8% in 1986 to 91.4% in 1992. The rural and urban headcount indexes increased from 82.1% to 93.2% and from 52.9% to 84.4% respectively. In addition to, the number of poor households increased from 2.71 million, in 1986 to 3.43 million in 1992 at an annual rate of increase of 4% (Nur, 2003:7). The poverty trend is shown below in Annex 4.The national poverty gap index increased at an annual rate of 1.7% over the period (1986-1992). The rural and urban poverty indices increased at an annual rate of 1.4% and 2.9% respectively. The national urban mean income of the poor as a ratio of the poverty line decreased over this period from 0.42 to 0.33, from 0.54 to 0.43, and from 0.38 to 0.22 respectively. This indicates that poverty had been deepened all over the country, particularly in the rural areas. Generally, three main poverty indicators namely, the head count index, the income gap index and poverty gap index, had been increasing at an increasing rate all over the period. It is also revealed that structural rural and urban forms of poverty exist in Sudan since 1986 and continued to exist at higher rates. Again, the continued urban bias characterized development in Sudan, overlooked the agricultural sector, lead to reduction in rural livelihoods. The result is that high rates of rural migration took place without creating sufficient employment opportunities for immigrants, coupled with displacement resulting natural and manmade disasters has worsened the situation. The public spending on social services like health and education was reduced and the poor are obliged to pay for these essential services, putting more pressure on their earnings in the formal sector defected their coping efforts to catch up with the rising cost of living. During this period, there is a serious vacuum in the data about poverty and other human indicators that have direct or indirect relation with surveys. Therefore, this period depend very much on perceptions and nobody dared to come out with results on poverty since no recognized survey oriented research is conducted in this field. However, several attempts were undertaken to tackle the issue. These attempts were not able to cover that huge gap through time (i.e. time series data to cover the period 1994-2003), although, they were able to produce an acceptable results and arguments that could be used as a proxy for the poverty phenomena in Sudan. The most interesting attempt has conducted by Eltahir M. Nur â€Å"Human Poverty in Sudan (2000); Magnitude and Distribution† then updated in 2003. Human Poverty As poverty in the human development perspective manifests itself in the deprivation of lives that people can lead, Tahir Nur methodology identified three main areas of human deprivation that correspond to the three human choices. These areas of deprivation include deprivation in survival, deprivation in knowledge, and deprivation in economic provisioning. Size and distribution in deprivation in Survival Deprivation in survival is all over the country but particularly high in the rural areas. While the rural national averages of means or the probabilities that a person will die before age 40, a child will die before age 5, and an infant will die before his (her) first birthday are 20.2%, 10.5%, and 7.2%, the urban national means of the same poverty indicators are 19.4%, 9.95% and 6.89% respectively for North Sudan where data is available, are 22.77%, 11.73%, and 8.10% respectively. From this comparison, we conclude that in terms of South–North, urban deprivation in the South is higher than that in the North but the differences in poverty indicators are small. Within the North, the rural deprivation in survival is higher than the urban one and again the rural urban differences in poverty indicators are small. Looking at the state rural ranking of poverty, we note that the top five states in rural poverty are the Red Sea, the Blue Nile, Kassala, South Kurdufan, and North Darfur. Their group means of the three poverty indicators (29.66%, 15.52%, and 10.52%) are higher than the national means (23.59%, 12.3%, and 8.334%) of the same poverty indicators. We also note that the states with the least rural deprivation in survival are El Giezira, the northern, the River Nile, North Kordufan, West Kurdufan, and South Darfur– arranged by the order of being the least poor state. The probability that a person will die before age 40 is the largest component of the deprivation survival index throughout the States – a great loss of productive human capital. Size and distribution of the deprivation in knowledge The rural national deprivation is almost double the urban national deprivation in knowledge. While the rural national means of inaccessibility to media, adults illiteracy rate, basic education dropout rate, and secondary education dropout rate are 67.2%, 27.4%, 9.8%, and 53.6%, the urban national means of the same poverty indicators are 42.4%, 15.8%, 26.8%, and 27.4% respectively. Therefore, priority in the re-education of the deprivation in knowledge should go to rural areas. Provision of basic and secondary education service is vital for the reduction in the deprivation in knowledge because education dropout rate is the major component of the deprivation in knowledge index in all the States and across the board of rural and urban location. The rate of inaccessibility to media (radio and T.V) is the largest component of the rural deprivation in knowledge index. Upon raking the states by the basic education dropout rate, the States of the Blue Nile, North Kurdufan, West Darfur, North Darfur, and South Kurdufan come top in the state – level rural profile of the deprivation in knowledge. Their rural group means of inaccessibility to media (75%), adults illiteracy rate (29.3%), basic education dropout rate (69.6%), and secondary education dropout rate (71.1%) are higher than the national rural means (67.2%, 27.4%, 49.8%, and 53.6%) of the same poverty indicators respectively. For the national urban poverty ranking, while the blue Nile and west Darfur states retain their positions among, Wau, and Malakal replaced North Kurdufan north Darfur, as South Kurdufan as top poor urban areas in knowledge. While rural Khartoum is among the middle poor state in knowledge, urban Khartoum is among the least poor states in knowledge. In view of these results, basic, secondary, and adults education services should be extended to the rural areas with emp hasis on the top five poor states. Size and distribution of the deprivation in economic provisioning Rural national deprivation in economic provisioning is higher than the urban national one. The rural national means of the proportion of people with no access to electricity (75.5%), with no access to safe drinking water (46.7%), with poor sanitation (46.5%), dependent on the use of biomass energy (79.6%), below food poverty line (55.9%) are higher than the urban national means except for the head count index (80.9%) and the proportion of people dependent on the use of biomass energy (82.8%) which are higher in the urban areas. However, the rural national mean of the composite poverty index (59%) is higher than urban national mean of the composite poverty index (54%). Therefore, rural areas rank number one in the deprivation of economic provisioning. On average, while the proportion of people who have no access to electricity (75.5%) and that of those who depend on the use of biomass energy (79.6%) are the highest rural poverty indicators the latter (82.8%) and the proportion of thos e who are below food poverty line (80.9%) are the highest urban poverty indicator The experience of the Sudan, however, is unique. Some studies came out with, â€Å"despite the relatively high growth, evidence seems to suggest that its effect did not trickle down considerably to reduce poverty or expand formal employment opportunities†. Ibrahim A. Ibrahim et al (2001:11) While people expecting the poverty levels be reduced as the country’s GDP increased, there is strong allegation that poverty is increasing. In conclusion, while worldwide benefited from the global economic growth, Sudan did get to know that experience and the effect of economic growth on poverty is still very minute in general perception. Although, the prompt reason to think about is the mal-distribution of income, yet, the situation has many other interpretations and this area will further be elaborated in coming paper.

The Changing of Times, the Changes of Roles :: Essays Papers

The Changing of Times, the Changes of Roles After braving the hard travels and experiencing even worse, almost unbearable, living conditions of the pioneer life, the Jewish women gained a sense of a new freedom and a new reality that was only offered in the harsh, wild desert of the Southern Arizona territory. During these times of pioneers, many great histories and legacies of the small, scattered Jewish communities were established. Although these groups were small in numbers, there was a very large and dynamic impact. For example, of the Goldwaters of Phoenix, one of the more better known descendants, the late Senator Barry Goldwater impacted the federal as well as the state governments in politics until his death. Or the Capins, whose mercantile enterprise produced various large business chains throughout Arizona.(1) Or perhaps, the Bloom family, whose Bloom and Sons stores provided for the Tucson community for over eighty years!(2) The Jewish women of such families, although many unnamed and unrecognized for their work, have also help shape the fledgling Southern Arizona territory. These women broke the traditional guidelines of how to behave and how to live, which would have normally kept them in the home. â€Å"The escape from the ‘kosher beds’, from early marriage, the rituals accompanying menstrual purity, the continual burden of childbirth, was particularly dramatic in the case of the women revolutionaries...(3)† These Jewish women became, in a sense, revolutionaries; their generation produced radical changes in what a women's roles should be. Their source of strength can almost be credited to the Southern Arizona environment of those changing times, where etiquette and grace were not necessary nor needed in an area where rogues, flash floods, and the heat existed. Some Jewish women began to drop their traditional roles as mothers and wives to become doctors, nurses, teachers, even lawyers and active members in the community to better help the growing communities. In this paper, I plan to introduce my theory that the changes that led to the trailblazing of America also led to the trailblazing of the Jewish women, and I am using specific examples of local Jewish women of Tucson and Nogales, Arizona to show that the destruction and reconstruction of the ideal Jewish woman occurred during this dramatic time of mass migration, pioneerism and growth of America herself. The new times called for changes, and these changes were evident in the Jewish women's increasing involvement in their communities.

Interpersonal Communication Essay -- essays research papers

In every society nonverbal communication is one of the most powerful tools that a person can use to interpret the message that is being delivered. Even though verbal communication is fairly straightforward, nonverbal communication allows others to sense the true emotions of the person that is expressing them. For example even though a person may say that they are not irritated, their usage of voice may display otherwise. Nonverbal communication not only reveals hidden messages, but it also complements, substitutes, and exaggerates verbal communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was 8:00 a.m. on April 9, 1999 and I was saying goodbye to my parents at the San Francisco Airport. While I was walking away from my parent’s gate I remembered the study for my Interpersonal Communication class, and decided that the airport was a perfect place to observe nonverbal behavior. I sat myself near the entrance of a gate so I could clearly focus on personal space and voice behaviors while people stood in line to board their plane. This location allowed me to observe some very distinct behaviors, and I was amazed at the many different ways people express their emotions and the many people that weren’t aware of these expressions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After I observed four different boarding lines, I soon realized how impatient our society reacts to situations. As soon as the airline attendants announced the boarding for a certain flight, it seemed as if everybody rushed to the...

An insight into boredom, the cause and the cure for the state of mind called boredom

The Dictionary describes bored as â€Å"as dull, tedious, and lacking stimuli†. There is an inherent anxiety in boredom; people will expend considerable effort to prevent or remedy it, yet in many circumstances it is accepted as an inevitable suffering to be endured. A common way to escape boredom is through creative thoughts or ‘daydreaming' yet I define Boredom as a lack of entertainment or a stimulant. School students can very easily get bored in the summer holidays because of a lack of change in the activates what they do in their day to day life. Everyone becomes bored at least once in their life. Boredom is a condition characterized by perception of one's environment in their life. In the newspaper lately their have been reports on teenagers being bored in the summer holidays. And it is the local government getting the blame for closing down public swimming pools and under funding them. The result off this is anti social behaviour i.e. vandalism petty theft and more anti social behaviour. There are many ways in which to tackle boredom. Getting a paper round is a good idea because it gets you up and out of the house, you can also earn money from it also possessions can be bought to prevent future boredom. But the downside to having a paper round is that you have to do it and it might cut into fun stuff. Joining a youth group is a good idea because there are normally new people every time you go. Buying a new computer game is useful force to tackle boredom and it can be very expensive, and you have to have the console to play it on in the first place. To stop this dreaded lack of entertainment you should try, not to do something all the time but rather go out to meet new people. This could be the people you would normally hang around with but maybe you could choose different people to hang around with. I find going to the park every day and just hanging about very boring. Some people get drunk to avoid boredom. Although this can make things funny and interesting, it is not a very good idea and can cause trouble as well it does damage to your body mostly your liver. Boredom we will all get it at least once in our life time but it is very easy to stop being bored, just go out there and find some thing to cure it. It is very simple to avoid but it is just as easy to fall into the trap of boredom. I hope that this essay has given you an insight into boredom the cause and the cure for the state of mind called boredom.

Effect Of Family Background On Students Academic Achievement

This research was done to look into the consequence of household background on pupils ‘ academic accomplishment in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan ( Cina ) Yuk Tse, Tumpat, Kelantan. There were 377 respondents from twelvemonth 1 to twelvemonth 6 pupils of Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan ( Cina ) Yuk Tse, Tumpat, Kelantan. The instrument used in this research was the questionnaire to garner information about the respondents. The information such as pupils ‘ personal inside informations ( age, gender, cultural group ) and their consequences ( Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English ) in Mid Term Exam Year 2010, pupils ‘ household construction, socioeconomic position of the pupils ‘ households, and their parents ‘ attitudes and outlook. Next, the pupils ‘ personal inside informations were analyzed utilizing mean, average, manner, scope, standard divergence, discrepancy and per centums to find their demographic profiles in term of ages, gender, cultural group, figure of sibling, individual populating with, parents ‘ income, parents ‘ highest degree of instruction, parents ‘ monthly income. Then, the pupils ‘ tonss in Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English were analyzed to find their accomplishment in these three topics. The information from the questionnaire besides analyzed to find the relationship between pupils ‘ academic accomplishment and household backgrounds such as household construction, household ‘s socioeconomic position, parental outlook, place environment and place linguistic communication. The results of these informations analysis would so be used to reply the research inquiries and eventually reason the research. Hence, old research can be vali dated through the results.5.3 Discussion of Research FindingsBased on the research result, the mean category twelvemonth of the pupils in this school is in twelvemonth 3. There are adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishment of pupils and category twelvemonth. The academic accomplishments for pupils from different twelvemonth are non the same. The flat faculty member is higher from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. Furthermore, the criterion for each pupils are non the same, because they are from different household background.Rankscategory Nitrogen Mean Rank Result ( BC ) 1 76 202.41 2 70 220.40 3 73 133.82 4 29 248.41 5 79 173.15 6 50 195.81 Entire 377 Table Female pupils in this school are more than male pupils. There are no significance difference between academic accomplishment of pupils and gender. Majority of the pupils were Thai, followed by Malay, Chinese and Indian. There are besides no significance difference between the academic accomplishment of pupils and their cultural group. Most of the pupils ‘ households have 3-4 siblings in their house. There is non adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and Numberss of sibling in a household. Most of them stayed with their biological parents. So, there is non adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and people they live with. From the research outcomes, most of their male parents ‘ monthly wage is below RM1000 and their female parents are in other group, means they do non supply any money to the households in any grounds. There is non adequate grounds to reason t hat there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and parents ‘ monthly wage. Majority of the parents had instruction at primary school degree. There is adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and female parents ‘ highest degree of instruction.RanksMother ‘s instruction degree Nitrogen Mean Rank Result ( BC ) Others 38 216.22 Finish primary school 258 185.39 Finish secondary school 41 168.94 Diploma 25 242.06 Degree 15 148.53 Entire 377 Table Most of the pupils ‘ female parents stay at place as a homemaker. So, they spend more clip with the kids. Since their instruction at primary degree, they will be holding troubles in oversing their kids in their prep. Based on the research outcomes, the pupils have low accomplishment in Chinese Comprehension, Malay Comprehension and English linguistic communication. Their mean mark for these three topics are below 70 % . The lowest accomplishment among these three topics is Chinese Comprehension. There is non adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and parents ‘ attitude an outlook. However, there is adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and the figure of books at place. Availability in the place of books and other reading stuff has validated that it effects the academic accomplishment of the pupils.RanksHow many books, other than text editions are at that place in your place? Nitrogen Mean Rank Result ( BC ) no book 42 142.23 1-5 228 185.17 6-10 68 188.82 more than 10 38 259.05 Entire 376 Table There is adequate grounds to reason that there is a difference between academic accomplishments of pupils and place linguistic communication.RanksMajor Language Nitrogen Mean Rank Result ( BC ) Chinese 24 242.40 Malay 133 178.26 English 7 260.14 Tai 183 191.29 Other linguistic communication 30 163.32 Entire 377 Table Chinese linguistic communication is the medium linguistic communication in this school. However, most of the pupils speak their female parent lingua at place. For Tai pupils, they speak in Thai linguistic communication ; Malay pupils speak Malay linguistic communication. Even most of the Chinese pupils speak in either Thai linguistic communication or Hokkien, merely least of them speak in Chinese linguistic communication. Indian pupils speak in Thai or English merely. From the tabular array above, pupils who non utilize the school linguistic communication at place has been validated have lower academic accomplishment. Through this research analysis, S.J.K ( C ) Yuk Tse, Tumpat, Kelantan is holding some jobs which lead to pupils lower academic accomplishment particularly in Chinese Comprehension. First, the pupils from twelvemonth 3, twelvemonth 5 and twelvemonth 6 have lower accomplishment in Chinese Comprehension compared with other twelvemonth category. Majority of these pupils have female parents who in primary instruction degree. They have fewer books compared with other pupils. They speak in their ain female parent lingua but non in Chinese linguistic communication at place.5.4 Deductions of Research FindingsThis research is conducted to happen out the consequence of household background on pupils ‘ academicA accomplishment in S.J.K ( C ) Yuk Tse, Tumpat, Kelantan. This research can be a mention to this school to happen the ways to increase the pupils ‘ academic accomplishment. The ways below are suggested to increase the pupils ‘ accomplishment in Chinese Comprehension: Teachers as supervisors Teachers need to pay more attending and forbearance to the pupils who do non have any supervises from their parents. These pupils are confronting jobs in completing their prep at place. So, instructors play an of import function as their supervisors at school. As the pupils ‘ female parent lingua is non Chinese linguistic communication, it is decidedly become the pupils ‘ job when they ca n't understand the instructions from their instructors. Teachers need forbearance and steer them during the instruction and acquisition procedure. It is really of import to elicit their involvement to larn and talk in Chinese linguistic communication. Teachers as incentive Teachers need to promote pupils to read more Chinese books. Teachers can assist pupils to take printed stuff such as narrative books, amusing, magazines and others which suitable for their degree. Reading can assist the pupils to derive more involvement in larning Chinese linguistic communication. Furthermore, instructors besides need to promote pupils to talk Chinese linguistic communication with their parents. If their parents do non talk in Chinese linguistic communication, pupils can play function as a â€Å" little instructor † and seek to learn their parents in Chinese linguistic communication. Cooperation among parents and instructors Parents need to take part in school activities such as Parents and Teacher Association, Sport Day, Children Day, Annual Award Ceremony and others. Through these activities, parents will more understand the school map and cooperate with in educating their kids. Parents besides need to understand their kids ‘s demands and jobs. Parents can hold a meeting with their kids ‘s instructors and cognize more about their kids behavior at the school. Teachers and parents together think of ways to increase the pupils ‘ academic accomplishment. Encouragement from the parents Parents need to promote their kids to talk more Chinese linguistic communication at place. Children will non experience uneasy whenever they speak in this linguistic communication. Parents besides need to purchase some books or magazines to their kids or convey them to the library to borrow books. Parents need to promote their kids to read more books during their leisure clip and allow reading go one of their avocations.5.5 Further ResearchFurther researches are suggested as below: Research can be made on instructors ‘ learning methods due to the learning methods will impact the pupils ‘ academic accomplishment in this school. Make a questionnaire which focuses on the pupils ‘ acquisition job. It should be conducted to analyse the pupils ‘ acquisition job. Teachers can happen ways to work out the pupils ‘ jobs through the research consequence.